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Charles Spearman
introduced the notion of a general factor underlying all
tests of intelligence. He called this the g factor. It is
important to note that 'g' does not represent intelligence
in any way, it simply represents the fact that many different
tests of cognitive abilities are positively correlated with
each other. This concept of 'g' has been highly controversial
especially due to the fact that some researchers have attempted
to correlate it with biological differences among groups
of people.
Raymond Cattell
proposed that intelligence was comprised of two broad factors
representing fluid and crystallized abilities. Some examples
of crystallized abilities are vocabulary and verbal fluency
skills, while fluid abilities emphasize processing speed,
and abstract thinking.
Modern theories
by Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner highlight the existence
of many intelligences. Robert Sternberg proposed the existence
of practical and creative intelligence, in addition to analytical
intelligence which most modern day IQ tests measure. Howard
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include linguistic,
logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmic,
interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic intelligences.
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